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Ashutosh Writes is a tech-focused blog where practical learning connects with real-world development. It features clear, engaging articles on web development, Python, Java, artificial intelligence, and modern software engineering. From hands-on project tutorials and coding guides to AI concepts and development insights, the blog is designed to simplify complex topics and help developers learn, build, and grow at every stage of their journey.
In Python, a dictionary is a collection you use to store data in {key:value} pairs. It is ordered and mutable, and it cannot store duplicate data.
We write a dictionary using curly brackets like this:
my_dict = {
"id": 1,
"name": "Ashutosh",
"books": ["Python", "DSA"]
}
Learn more about Python dictionaries here.
Sometimes, we need to merge two or more dictionaries to create a bigger dictionary. For example:
dict_one = {
"id": 1,
"name": "Ashutosh",
"books": ["Python", "DSA"]
}
dict_two = {
"college": "NSEC",
"city": "Kolkata",
"country": "India"
}
merged_dict = {
"id": 1,
"name": "Ashutosh",
"books": ["Python", "DSA"],
"college": "NSEC",
"city": "Kolkata",
"country": "India"
}
In the merged_dict we have the key-value pairs of both dict_one and dict_two. This is what we wish to achieve programmatically.
There are various ways we can do this in Python:
dict.update() method** operator| (Union) operator (for Python 3.9 and above)Let's explore each way one after another.
We can merge two or more dictionaries using for loop like this:
>>> dict_one = {
... "id": 1,
... "name": "Ashutosh",
... }
>>> dict_two = {
... "books": ["Python", "DSA"],
... "college": "NSEC",
... }
>>> dict_three = {
... "city": "Kolkata",
... "country": "India"
... }
>>> for key,value in dict_two.items():
... merged_dict[key] = value
...
>>> merged_dict
{'id': 1, 'name': 'Ashutosh', 'books': ['Python', 'DSA'], 'college': 'NSEC'}
>>> for key,value in dict_three.items():
... merged_dict[key] = value
...
>>> merged_dict
{'id': 1, 'name': 'Ashutosh', 'books': ['Python', 'DSA'], 'college': 'NSEC', 'city': 'Kolkata', 'country': 'India'}
But the problem with this method is that we need to run so many loops to merge the dictionaries.
So what's another option?
dict.update() MethodIf you explore the dict class, there are various methods inside it. One such method is the update() method which you can use to merge one dictionary into another.
>>> dict_one = {
... "id": 1,
... "name": "Ashutosh",
... "books": ["Python", "DSA"]
... }
>>> dict_two = {
... "college": "NSEC",
... "city": "Kolkata",
... "country": "India"
... }
>>> dict_one.update(dict_two)
>>> dict_one
{'id': 1, 'name': 'Ashutosh', 'books': ['Python', 'DSA'], 'college': 'NSEC', 'city': 'Kolkata', 'country': 'India'}
But the problem when we use the update() method is that it modifies one of the dictionaries. If we wish to create a third dictionary without modifying any of the other dictionaries, we cannot use this method.
Also, you can only use this method to merge two dictionaries at a time. If you wish to merge three dictionaries, you first need to merge the first two, and then merge the third one with the modified dictionary.
>>> dict_one = {
... "id": 1,
... "name": "Ashutosh",
... }
>>> dict_two = {
... "books": ["Python", "DSA"],
... "college": "NSEC",
... }
>>> dict_three = {
... "city": "Kolkata",
... "country": "India"
... }
>>> dict_one.update(dict_two)
>>> dict_one
{'id': 1, 'name': 'Ashutosh', 'books': ['Python', 'DSA'], 'college': 'NSEC'}
>>> dict_one.update(dict_three)
>>> dict_one
{'id': 1, 'name': 'Ashutosh', 'books': ['Python', 'DSA'], 'college': 'NSEC', 'city': 'Kolkata', 'country': 'India'}
Let's explore some other options.
** operatorYou can use the double-asterisk (**) method to unpack or expand a dictionary like this:
>>> dict_one = {
... "id": 1,
... "name": "Ashutosh",
... }
>>> dict_two = {
... "books": ["Python", "DSA"]
... "college": "NSEC",
... }
>>> dict_three = {
... "city": "Kolkata",
... "country": "India"
... }
>>> merged_dict = { **dict_one, **dict_two, **dict_three}
>>> merged_dict
{'id': 1, 'name': 'Ashutosh', 'books': ['Python', 'DSA'], 'college': 'NSEC', 'city': 'Kolkata', 'country': 'India'}
Using the `` operator to merge the dictionaries doesn't affect any of the dictionaries.
| OperatorStarting with Python 3.9, we can use the Union ( | ) operator to merge two or more dictionaries.
>>> dict_one = {
... "id": 1,
... "name": "Ashutosh",
... }
>>> dict_two = {
... "books": ["Python", "DSA"],
... "college": "NSEC",
... }
>>> dict_three = {
... "city": "Kolkata",
... "country": "India"
... }
>>> merged_dict = dict_one | dict_two | dict_three
>>> merged_dict
{'id': 1, 'name': 'Ashutosh', 'books': ['Python', 'DSA'], 'college': 'NSEC', 'city': 'Kolkata', 'country': 'India'}
This is the most convenient method available for merging dictionaries in Python.
We have explored several different methods for merging dictionaries. If you have Python 3.9 or above, you should use the | operator. But if you use older versions of Python, you can still use the other methods discussed above.